FINNISH FOREST TREE BREEDING IN PICTURES

I. The Biological Principles

1. Variation in natural forests

2. Inheritable variability

3. Variation between stands

4. Variation between individual trees

5. The maintenance of genetic variability

6. Resistance and adaptability

7. Variation in growth rate

8. Variation in quality

9. Wind pollination and cross-fertilization

10.Variation in flowering

II. The Basic Techniques

11. Silvicultural selection

12. Stand selection

13. Plus tree selection

14. Combined stand and plus tree selection

15. Grafting

16. Establishment of seed orchards

17. Phenotypic selection

18. Progeny testing

19. Testing methods

20. Testing resistance

21. Resistance breeding

22. Measuring growth rate

23. Measurement of quality properties

24. The expression of inheritable differences on grafts

25. Crossing, the basic technique of tree breeding

26. Crossings increase variation in the breeding material

27. Exploiting provenance variation

28. Testing exotic tree species

29. The prerequisites for cultivating exotic tree species

30. Forest tree breeding and climate change

III. The Production of Genetically Improved Material

31. The stand collection of seed

32. Forest tree seed orchards

33. The production of seed in seed orchards

34. Seed from seed orchards in plastic greenhouses

35. Seed orchards for exotic tree species

36. Hardwood seed orchards

37. Seed crops of the seed orchards

38. The utilization area of seed from seed orchards

39. Effect of background pollination on the usability of seed orchard seed

40. Determining the genetic composition of seed orchard seed

41. The management and treatment of seed orchards

42. Improving the genetical level of seed orchards

43. Vegetative propagation

44. Micropropagation of conifers

45. Tissue culture of forest trees

46. Gene transfer as a research technique

47. The transfer of beneficial genes into forest trees

48. Genetic gain

49. Clone forestry and increasing the genetic gain

50. Exploitation of breeding results