Fungi

Armillaria spp. Asteroma microspermum Botrytis cinerea Chalara fraxinea Chrysomyxa ledi Chrysomyxa pirolata Chrysomyxa woroninii Coleosporium spp. Cronartium flaccidum Crumenulopsis sororia Cylindrocarbon spp. Erysiphaceae Exobasidium vaccinium Fomes fomentarius Fomitopsis pinicola Fusarium spp. Gloeosporium betulinum Gremmeniella abietina Gymnosporangium cornutum Hendersonia acicola

Herpotrichia juniperi Heterobasidion annosum Heterobasidion parviporum Hymenoscyphus albidus Inonotus obliquus Lachnellula fuscosanguinea Lachnellula pini Lachnellula willkommii Lirula macrospora Lophodermella conjuncta Lophodermella sulcigena Lophodermium piceae Lophodermium seditiosum Lophophacidium hyperboreum Marssonina betulae Melampsora pinitorqua Melampsora spp. on Salix Melampsoridium betulinum Mycoplasms

Mycosphaerella laricina Ochroporus tremulae Peridermium pini Phacidium coniferarum Phacidium infestans Phellinus pini Phytophthora spp. Piptoporus betulinus Pollaccia radiosa Pycnoporus cinnabarinus Rhizina undulata Rhizoctonia spp. Rhytisma acerinum Sclerophoma spp. Somatic mutations Stereum sanguinolentum Taphrina betulina Thekopsora areolata Viruses

Insects & other invertebrates

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Acanthocinus aedilis Acantholyda hieroglyphica Acantholyda posticalis Adelges laricis Agelastica alni Aradus cinnamomeus Arge pullata Bupalus piniarius Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Byctiscus spp. Callidium violaceum Calomicrus pinicola Camponotus herculeanus Cephalcia abietis Chrysomela populi Cimbex femorata Cinara spp. Coleophora laricella Coccoidea Cossus cossus Cydia strobilella Dendroctonus micans Dioryctria abietella Diprion pini Epinotia tedella Epinotia tetraquetrana Epirrita autumnata Eriogaster lanestris Eriocrania sparmanella Eriophyes laevis Eriophyes longisetosus Eupithecia pini

Galerucella lineola Hylastes brunneus Hylastes cunicularius Hylecoetus dermestoides Hylobius abietis Hylurgops palliatus Incurvaria pectinea Ips acuminatus Ips amitinus Ips duplicatus Ips sexdentatus Ips typographus Kaltenbachiella strobi Lygus rugulipennis Lymantria monacha Melasoma aenea Monochamus galloprovincialis Monochamus sutor Neodiprion sertifer Oligonychus ununguis Operophthera brumata Operophthera fagata Oryctes nasicornis Panolis flammea Phyllobius spp. Phytobia betulae Pineus pini Pissodes castaneus Pissodes harcyniae Pissodes pini Pissodes piniphilus Pissodes validirostis

Pityogenes bidentatus Pityogenes chalcographus Pityogenes quadridens Plemeliella abietina Polygraphus poligraphus Polygraphus subopacus Pristiphora abietina Pristiphora erichsoni Psylla alni Pytho depressus Retinia resinella Rhagium inquisitor Rheumaptera hastata Rhyacionia buoliana Rhynchites betulae Sacchiphantes abietis Saperda carcharias Scolytus ratzeburgi Tetropium spp. Thanasimus formicarius Thecodiplosis brachyntera Tomicus minor Tomicus piniperda Trypodendron lineatum Trypodendron signatum Urocerus gigas Yponomeuta evonymellus

Vertebrates

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Alces alces Arvicola terrestris Castor spp. Clethrionomys glareolus Lepus spp.

Microtus agrestis Microtus oeconomus Rangifer tarandus Tetrao urogallus

Abiotic factors

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Air pollution in forest ecosystem Construction Drought Flood Forest fire Frost Harvesting Herbicides High temperatures Lightning Needle senescence

Nitrogen dioxide Nutrient deficiency Salt Snow Soil frost Soil surface ice formation Spring drought Storm Sulphur Winter cold

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