First, the idea of large spaces, or low density of plantation, is defined from the density of the final stand (80 and 250 stems per ha for broadleafs and coniferous) and from the minimal standard densities of plantation given by the French Forest Fund.
Largely spaced plantations cannot be imagined without a real tree culture which means a particular attention to establishment and weed competition conditions and the artificial bole formation by prunings.
The article analyses the technical, ecological and socio-economical advantages and constraints of this silviculture: it is necessary to create an homogenous stand to ensure its future value. Prunings are too very constraining and compulsory with broadleafs as with coniferous.
The total cost of these plantations analysed with some standards is nearly the same as in classical plantations, except when protection against deer is necessary. The gain at plantation is lost by overcosts for cleanings and prunings. However, a lot of work can be made by the owner, what decreases the costs. This is the main advantage as well as the conception of a new silviculture close to arboriculture where one takes care of all the trees rather than selecting and suppressing the worst ones. At last these plantations allow intercropping cultures and plantations.
Correspondence: C. Ginisty, CEMAGREF, Forest Management and Engineering, Domaine des Barres, 45290 Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
Telefax: +33-38 95 03 59