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P7P/\oc,"A_ p^7.%|+c81,VYXc*0 xM7l0FSJ,6 P7PlZx/c81,c P7Pl?l*Y2,,Y P7PlAOA%!,JA P7JPl>V"G($,hG P7hPy.f81,"f_ p^7"m+O6^$(8<><q*"xxxxWWxxxWWkkxxx on 27 November."  T( X BOTTING, Mike (1994) 'Green issues: a hard sell ?'. TTJ Supplement on Timber and the  T Environment 368 (6084) 29 January 1994, p45." X CFS (1995) 'Criteria and indicators for the conservation and sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. The Montreal Process'. Hull, Canada; Canadian Forest Service. ISBN 0662231090. 27p."  T X COLFER, Carol J. Pierce (1995) 'Who counts most in sustainable forest management ?'. Working  T Paper number 7. Bogor, Indonesia; Center for International Forestry Research. 16p." X COLFER, Carol J. Pierce with PRABHU, Ravi; WOLLENBERG, Eva (1995) 'Principles, criteria  Tx# and indicators: applying Ockham's razor to the peopleforestry link'. Working Paper number 8. Bogor, Indonesia; Center for International Forestry Research. 16p." X COSGROVE, Peter; TURNER, Roger (1995) 'Implementation in the United Kingdom of the Helsinki guidelines for sustainable forest management'. Edinburgh, U.K.; Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. 63p." X CSA (1996) 'A sustainable forest management system'. Guidance document, draft of 19 January 1996, number Z808. Ottawa, Canada; Canadian Standards Association. 55p." X DYCK, W.J.; COLE, D.W.; COMERFORD, N.B. (editors) (1994) 'Impacts of forest harvesting on longterm site productivity'. London, U.K.; Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0412583909. 371p." J/ 200ԌX EMERY, Marla; PAANANEN, Donna M. (1995) 'Humans, forests, and global environmental  T change: planning a social science research agenda'. General Technical Report number NE212. Radnor, Pennsylvania; USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 22p." X FSC (1994) 'Principles and criteria for natural forest management'. FSC Document number 1.2. Oaxaca, Mexico; Forest Stewardship Council. 8p." X GERSTMAN and MEYERS (1991) 'National survey of consumer opinion'. Quoted in SCS (1994) 'The forest conservation program. Program description and 1994 operations manual'. Oakland, California; Scientific Certification Systems. p2."  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Final report of an activity for the International Tropical Timber Organization  T "Forest resource accounting: monitoring forest condition and management". IIED Forestry  T and Land Use Series number 1. London, U.K. International Institute for Environment and Development, and Cambridge, U.K.; World Conservation Monitoring Centre. ISBN 0905347986. 51p + 30p annexes." X INNES, John L. (1993) 'Forest health: its assessment and status'. Wallingford, U.K.; CAB International. ISBN 0851987931. 656p."  Tn X ITTO (1990) 'ITTO guidelines for the sustainable management of natural tropical forests'. ITTO  TH Technical Series number 5. Tokyo, Japan; International Tropical Timber Organization. 9+18p." X KANGAS, Jyrki (1992) 'Multipleuse planning of forest resources by using the Analytic Hierarchy  T" Process'. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 7:259268." X KIRK BAER, Charlotte (1996) 'NRC Committee on Prospects and Opportunities for Sustainable Management of America's Nonfederal Forests'. 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L  200  S  Annex 1 Some characteristics and selection criteria for indicators The CIFOR field team at the first comparative test of selected FSS at Forstamt Bovenden in 1994 reviewed papers by the World Bank, World Resources Institute and Free University of Amsterdam on indicators or environmental quality and sustainable development. The following table summarised the review: #c P7 P# Desirable characteristics of indicators 1.Xrepresent components or processes of real world systems / explicit or implicit models / represent reversible and manageable processes." 2.Xare empirical specification of concepts which cannot be fully operationalized on the basis of generally accepted rules / a compromise between scientific accuracy and the demand for concise information but still having a scientific basis. If the phenomenon is not easily expressed in scientific terms (as in some social phenomena), the indicators should at least be well defined and clearly expressed." 3.Xquantify information, more than words or pictures alone, through a fixed (prescribed, rather than unchanging) methodology of measurement / include reference or threshold values / numerical values have significance beyond the numerical value itself (surrogate for complex variables)." 4.Xhave predictive meaning, providing direct information about a possible or likely future of the system represented by the indicator." 5.Xsimplify information about complex phenomena, so as to improve communication." 6.Xprovide information without social bias (not subject to different interpretations according to social group)." Criteria for selection of indicators a.Xsensitivity to changes in time." b.Xsensitivity to changes across space." c.Xsensitivity to change over social distribution." d.Xsensitivity to reversibility of effects." e.Xsensitivity to controllability of effects." f.Xpredictive ability." g.Xintegrative ability." h.Xease of data collection." i.Xrelative ease of application." j.Xrelevance to vulnerability of ecosystems and assessment of risk / detection of cusps in environmental  xP ) response surfaces. # &m P7#{&P#" ) 200  S  Annex 2 tracing of supplies from the global market by Timbmet Ltd. As Europe's largest hardwood importer, Timbmet (Oxford, U.K.) has had much call to consider its position with regard to environmental issues. Timbmet is increasingly being asked by customers and environmental groups for verification that its timber comes from well managed and 'sustainable' sources. As a result, the post of Environmental Coordinator was created at Timbmet with the brief of identifying all timber stocked to its source at forest level. Information will be collated from all of Timbmet's suppliers. They will then be allocated a rating, based on the details and documented evidence that they can provide in relation to their environmental standards. This information will be used by Timbmet's purchasing director to purchase preferentially from those suppliers which demonstrate the highest environmental credentials, with the aim of eliminating all suppliers which cannot demonstrate good forest management. At present Timbmet stocks about 60 species from hundreds of suppliers and forest worldwide. The task of verifying the sources all of these timbers and gaining meaningful information on all suppliers is long and complex. A number of routes are being used to obtain information on the source of Timbmet's timber. By approaching various different sources, it is hoped that general information will be accumulated on the producing countries as well as specific details of Timbmet's direct suppliers. Information is being requested from Timbmet's suppliers through the medium of questionnaires. These are being sent out in order to obtain information concerning the sources of Timbmet's timber, and also the route that the timber has taken prior to reaching the company's yard. By the time the timber reaches Timbmet's gate, it has already passed through a number of links in the wood chain. The questionnaires are designed so that each of the linking enterprises, through which the timber has passed, should answer a section of the questionnaire before passing the questionnaire onto that link's own suppliers. Questions addressed to Timbmet's agents, shippers and the primary mills request information on how they may be contacted. Other questions are designed to assess the supplier's commitment to environmental improvement and, in particular, the good management of the world's forests. Suppliers are asked, for example, whether they have an environmental policy, or a policy to purchase timber only from well managed forests. In order to obtain information on the forest source of Timbmet's timber, the questionnaires are to be sent to the forest owners or concession holders. As well as questions concerning contacts and evidence of their commitment to environmental issues, the respondents are asked more detailed questions concerning the management of their forests. Timbmet is asking if a management plan is being implemented, what type of forest is being managed, if there is a reforestation programme, as well as questions designed to assess whether sustained yield forestry is being implemented. Timbmet asks questions designed to elicit whether the forest is being managed in such a way which would make it eligible for application for certification by a FSCaccredited certification body. The questionnaires are tailored to each of the countries to which they are sent. For example, the forest managers will be asked if they are members of any trade association in their country. As Timbmet gains information on the trade association, this one simple question to the supplier will yield a large amount of information regarding the commitments and requirements. It is hoped that such an approach to the design of the questionnaires will help the applicant relate the questionnaire to their own situation. Only a few responses have been received so far to the questionnaires. It obviously takes time for the questionnaires to filter back down the wood supply chain and for all of the parties concerned to complete their respective sections. Most of the information we have managed to collate so far has come from North American suppliers. The amount of detail they have been able to provide to Timbmet has varied. Some suppliers have been very encouraging, including details of their forest management. Others are however vague, with broad geographical regions being given for forest location, and only limited information on forest owners. Only time will tell if the gaps in the information can be filled in as Timbmet returns to ask for more of the information. A number of Timbmet's agents have expressed doubts about the likelihood of determining the exact forest from@/ 200 where all of Timbmet's timber originated. This has been the main reason for trying to assess all of the stages in the wood supply chain through which Timbmet's timber has passed. Even if Timbmet only manages to obtain information from the first stages back along the wood supply chain, the company will at least have some indication of the level of commitment exhibited as a starting point. Timbmet will know if timber from well managed forests is being sourced, and will be able to identify weak links in the chain. Many of the gaps in the information may not be due to the impossibility of provision by the suppliers, but to the perceived impracticality of the process. Imagine the wood supply chain as a fan with Timbmet at the epicentre of the fan. Timbmet has over 200 direct suppliers in the form of agents or shippers. They in turn may deal up to one hundred suppliers with mills. Each of these mills may use timber from up to a hundred forests. In the worst case scenario, Timbmet is therefore asking for information on two million forest areas worldwide. Moreover, this figure is not static, because mills process timber from different forests at different times. At the mill level, timber from a large number of forests is combined and sawn to meet Timbmet's specifications. It is therefore a very complex process to find out from which forest the timber was derived unless, as is sometimes the case, the mills own their own forest, or only use timber from a limited number of forest owners. That said, money has changed hands and so it should be possible to trace back to the timbers source through the succession of related invoices. Clearly, it would be simpler to follow timber from the forest through the wood supply chain, rather than working back down the chain from Timbmet's mill. This would be the approach taken by FSCaccredited certification bodies, through their chain of custody verification. In that process, each of the processors and handlers of the timber must be certified as suppliers of certified timber. Obligations include physical separation of timber from certified sources, from noncertified timber. A further complication in tracing timber sources is that, in areas which are cut over once and then are to be left to regenerate for a number of decades, the information Timbmet receives will only be valid for limited periods, becoming rapidly outdated. This is another reason for assessing the level of commitment throughout the chain. If Timbmet knows that a shipper, for example, is committed to sourcing timber from well managed forests, the company may rely on that shipper to act responsibly even if Timbmet does not have detailed information from each of those forests at all times. As a customer of the suppliers, Timbmet can put pressure on them to meet high environmental standards by giving preference to those who can demonstrate commitment and provide evidence that they are promoting and practising good forest management. By giving preferential treatment to those who can demonstrate good forest management, Timbmet provides a market incentive for the suppliers to maintain or improve their environmental standards. By putting this pressure on the suppliers however, there is the danger that they will provide just the information which they think that Timbmet wants to hear. Verifying that the received information is correct and complete is the next step in the collation of environmental information. Cross referencing of information is one way in which the authenticity of the received information will be assessed. Documentation from national forestry services of producer countries provides information on their national forest policy. Similarly, information collated from trade associations details members' commitments and requirements. The combined information should indicate how the forests should be managed. Timbmet can use this combined information to assess compliance and noncompliance with regulations by comparison with the answers received from suppliers. Crossreferencing ('triangulation') can also be carried out by collecting data from various suppliers, who in turn source timber, and therefore data, from the same set of upstream suppliers. Some of the claims made by Timbmet's suppliers can be verified by directors of the company, and by Timbmet's agents, when they visit Timbmet's suppliers. Until there is a mechanism for independently tracing timber from the forest to the end user, Timbmet will have to rely on the information that Timbmet's various sources of information can provide, crossreferencing as much as possible in order to substantiate claims. Through this process, Timbmet expects to obtain vast amounts of information and to be able to assess, to some extent, its reliability. Based on the amount of information deemed reliable, and the level of commitment demonstrated, Timbmet's suppliers will be graded. Purchasing will be directed towards those with the highest environmental standards. It is recognized that while studying written information received in Oxford, from forests all around the world, Timbmet staff are not qualified or able to determine if a forest is being sustainably managed. Timbmet aims to identify indicators of good forest management and to promote its application. Assessment of sustainable forest management needs to be carried out in the forests by people qualified to do so. As more timber becomes available from certified forests, Timbmet will preferentially purchase it, so promoting sustainable management of the world's forests. Until then, the next best option is to verify the sources of the timber, thus promoting trade in timber from well managed forests, reducing trade in timber from inappropriately managed sources, and putting into place the systems and framework for allowing the marketing of certified, sustainably produced timber. Clearly there are pitfalls with the process of tracing timber. There are however very many positive points. Through this process, Timbmet is gaining large amounts of information from its suppliers about their awareness of environmental issues and commitment to improvement, as well as about the source and route that the timber has taken prior to reaching the company's yard. Checking on the sources of the timber is an interim measure, prior to greater availability of forest certification and chain of custody verification. Although it is not faultless, verification of sources is an essential process leading to the marketing of certified, sustainably produced timber and will lead to the increase in trade of timber from those suppliers who make noteworthy progress in good forest management.